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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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00058_Field_frep03.txt
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1996-12-30
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74 lines
Rods and cones differ in a
number of ways. The most
important difference is in their
relative sensitivity: rods are
sensitive to very dim light,
cones require
much brighter light. I have
already described the
differences in their
distribution throughout the
retina, the most notable being
the absence of rods in the
fovea. They differ in shape: rods
are long and slender; cones are
short and tapered. Both rods
and cones contain light-
sensitive pigments. All rods
have the same pigment; cones
are of three types, each type
containing a different visual
pigment. The four pigments are
sensitive to different
wavelengths of light, and in the
case of the cones these
differences form the basis of
our color vision.
The receptors respond to
light through a process called
bleaching. In this process a
molecule of visual pigment
absorbs a photon, or single
package, of visible light and is
thereby chemically changed
into another compound that
absorbs light less well, or
perhaps differs in its
wavelength sensitivity. In
virtually all animals, from
insects to humans and even in
some bacteria, this receptor
pigment consists of a protein
coupled to a small molecule
related to vitamin A, which is
the part that is chemically
transformed by light. Thanks
largely to the work in the 1950s
of George Wald at Harvard, we
now know a lot about the
chemistry of bleaching and the
subsequent reconstitution of
visual pigments.
Most ordinary sensory
receptors--chemical, thermal,
or mechanical--are depolarized
in response to the appropriate
stimulus, just as nerves become
depolarized in response to an
excitatory stimulus; the
depolarization leads to release
of transmitter at the axon
terminals. (Often, as in visual
receptors, no impulse occurs,
probably because the axon is
very short.) Light receptors in
invertebrates, from barnacles
to insects, behave in this way,
and up to 1964 it was assumed
that a similar mechanism--
depolarization in response to
light--would hold for vertebrate
rods and cones.